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- In the human body, each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes,
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- one of each pair inherited through the egg from the mother, and the
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- other inherited through the sperm of the father. Of these
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- chromosomes, those that determine sex are X and Y. Females have XX
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- and males have XY. In addition to the information on sex, 'the X
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- chromosomes carry determinants for a number of other features of
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- the body including the levels of factor VIII and factor IX.'1 If
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- the genetic information determining the factor VIII and IX level is
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- defective, haemophilia results. When this happens, the protein
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- factors needed for normal blood clotting are effected. In males,
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- the single X chromosome that is effected cannot compensate for the
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- lack, and hence will show the defect. In females, however, only one
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- of the two chromosomes will be abnormal. (unless she is unlucky
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- enough to inherit haemophilia from both sides of the family, which
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- is rare.)2 The other chromosome is likely to be normal and she can
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- therefore compensate for this defect.
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- There are two types of haemophilia, haemophilia A and B.
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- Haemophilia A is a hereditary disorder in which bleeding is due to
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- deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII (VIII:C)3. In most of the
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- cases, this coagulant protein is reduced but in a rare amount of
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- cases, this protein is present by immunoassay but defective.4
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- Haemophilia A is the most common severe bleeding disorder and
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- approximately 1 in 10,000 males is effected. The most common types
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- of bleeding are into the joints and muscles. Haemophilia is severe
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- if the factor VIII:C levels are less that 1 %, they are moderate if
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- the levels are 1-5% and they are mild if they levels become 5+%.5
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- (2)
- Those with mild haemophilia bleed only in response to major trauma
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- or surgery. As for the patients with severe haemophilia, they can
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- bleed in response to relatively mild trauma and will bleed
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- spontaneously.
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- In haemophiliacs, the levels of the factor VIII:C are reduced.
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- If the plasma from a haemophiliac person mixes with that of a
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- normal person, the Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) should become
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- normal. Failure of the PTT to become normal is automatically
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- diagnostic of the presence of a factor VIII inhibitor. The standard
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- treatment of the haemophiliacs is primarily the infusion of factor
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- VIII concentrates, now heat-treated to reduce the chances of
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- transmission of AIDS.6 In the case of minor bleeding, the factor
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- VIII:C levels should only be raised to 25% with one infusion. For
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- moderate bleeding, 'it is adequate to raise the level initially to
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- 50% and maintain the level at greater that 25% with repeated
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- infusion for 2-3 days. When major surgery is to be performed, one
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- raises the factor VIII:C level to 100% and then maintains the
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- factor level at greater than 50% continuously for 10-14 days.'7
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- Haemophilia B, the other type of haemophilia, is a result of
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- the deficiency of the coagulation factor IX - also known as
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- Christmas disease. This sex-linked disease is caused by the reduced
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- amount of the factor IX. Unlike haemophilia A, the percentage of
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- it's occupance due to an abnormally functioning molecule is larger.
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- The factor IX deficiency is 1/7 as common as factor VIII deficiency
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- and it is managed with factor VIII concentrates. Unlike factor VIII
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- concentrates which have a half-life of 12 hours, the half-life of
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- factor IX concentrates is 18 hours. In addition, factor IX
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- concentrates contain a number of other proteins, including
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- activated coagulating factors that contribute to a risk of
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- thrombosis. Therefore, more care is needed in haemophilia B to
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- decide on how much concentration should be used.
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- The prognosis of the haemophiliac patients has been
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- transformed by the availability of factor VIII and factor IX
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- replacement. The limiting factors that result include disability
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- from recurrent joint bleeding and viral infections such as
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- hepatitis B from recurrent transfusion.8
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- Since most haemophiliacs are male and only their mother can
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- pass to them the deficient gene, a very important issue for the
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- families of haemophiliacs now is identifying which females are
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- carriers. One way to determine this is to estimate the amount of
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- factor VIII and IX present in the woman. However, while a low level
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- confirms the carrier status, a normal level does not exclude it. In
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- addition, the factor VIII and IX blood levels are known to
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- fluctuate in people and will increase with stress and pregnancy. As
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- a result, only a prediction of the carrier status can be given with
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- this method.
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- Another method to determine the carrier status in a woman is
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- to look directly at the DNA from a small blood sample of several
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- members of the family including the haemophiliacs. In Canada,
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- modern operations include Chorionic Villous Sampling (CVS) and it
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- helps analyze the DNA for markers of haemophilia at 9-11 weeks of
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- pregnancy. (Fig. 1)9 A small probe is inserted through the neck of
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- the mother womb or through the abdomen under local anaesthetics. A
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- tiny sample from the placenta is removed and sent for DNA analysis.
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- Since this process can be done at 9-11 weeks after pregnancy, the
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- pregnancy is in it's relatively early stages and a decision by the
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- mother (and father) to terminate the pregnancy will not be as
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- physically or emotionally demanding on the mother than if she had
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- it performed in the late stages of the pregnancy.
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- Going back to the haemophiliacs, many have become seropositive
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- for HIV infections transmitted through factor VIII and IX
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- concentrates and many have developed AIDS. In Canada, the two drugs
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- currently undergoing clinical testing for treatment of HIV disease
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- are AZT and DDI. For the use of AZT, the major complication is
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- suppression of normal bone marrow activity. This results in low red
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- and white blood cell counts.The former can lead to severe fatigue
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- and the latter to susceptibility to infections.10 DDI is provided
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- as a powder, which must be reconstructed with water immediately
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- prior to use. The most common adverse effect so far is the weakness
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- in the hands and legs. However, it appears that DDI is free of the
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- bone marrow.11 AZT and DDI both represent the first generation of
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- anti-retroviral drug and it is the hope of many people that they
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- will be followed by less toxic and more effective drugs.
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- As it can be seen, haemophilia is one of those sex-linked
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- diseases that must involve the inheritance of both recessive and
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- deficient chromosomes. It is mostly found in males and since every
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- male has a Y chromosome, it is a general rule that the male will
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- not pass it to his male offsprings. Haemophiliacs can have either
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- inherited the disease or they could have had a mutation. In either
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- case, these people must try to live a normal life and must avoid
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- any activities that can result in trauma.
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